Focusing on university-based “action ethnomusicology” within the post-1989 situation in Europe, which is set between increasing national(ism) and growing migration, this chapter discusses three case studies that were undertaken in Germany and Switzerland. As is argued here, successful intercultural action is not only based on careful ethnomusicological research (e.g., cartography of the music cultures or analysis of the specific problem situation and the role of music in this context). Rather, a profound knowledge of the project’s key factors is likewise essential. The latter includes the infrastructural situation, the various target groups, as well as the needs and interests of the participatory groups and institutions involved. Yet, the chapter also argues that self-reflection is likewise essential in this situation, as the ethnomusicologist often takes on a variety of roles. The large number of factors clearly complicates the process of generalization and theoretization.